Neurofibromatosis tipos 1 y 2 / Neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2

La neurofibromatosis (NF) comprende un grupo de enfermedades genéticas de herencia autosómica dominante, que se clasifican de la siguiente manera: neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis tipo 2 (NF2) y schwannomatosis (también conocida como neurofibromatosis tipo 3). Esta última es una enfermedad muy infrecuente, con una prevalencia aproximada de 1/126 000 personas, por lo que solo profundizaremos las dos primeras. La NF1, también conocida como la enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen, es la más frecuente de las tres y afecta principalmente la piel y el sistema nervioso periférico. Se caracteriza por la presencia de máculas "café con leche", pecas axilares o inguinales, nódulos de Lisch (hamartomas en el iris) y neurofibromas (tumores de la vaina de nervios periféricos). Otras manifestaciones menos frecuentes, aunque de mayor gravedad, incluyen gliomas del nervio óptico, meningiomas, neurofibromas malignos, escoliosis y displasia de la tibia. Su diagnóstico se suele realizar al nacimiento o durante los primeros años de vida, y se estima que un 50% de quienes la padecen presenta dificultades cognitivas. No hay datos concluyentes sobre la mortalidad en los pacientes con NF1, aunque se sabe que la expectativa de vida es menor que en la población general. La NF2 tiene una prevalencia considerablemente menor que la NF1 y su inicio es más tardío, afectando principalmente a adultos jóvenes. La presentación clínica típica se caracteriza por acúfenos, hipoacusia y ataxia en contexto de la presencia de schwannomas vestibulares bilaterales. Otros hallazgos menos frecuentes incluyen schwannomas de nervios periféricos, meningiomas, ependimomas o astrocitomas. La esperanza de vida es de unos 36 años, con una supervivencia media desde el momento del diagnóstico de 15 años. (AU)

Neurofibromatosis (NF) includes a group of genetic diseases with an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern, and they are classified as follows: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and Schwannomatosis (also known as neurofibromatosis type 3). This last one is a very rare disease, with an approximate prevalence of 1/126000, so we will only deepen in the first two. NF1, also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is the most frequent, and mainly affects the skin and peripheral nervous system. Its typical manifestations are the presence of café-au-lait macules, axillary or inguinal freckles, Lisch nodules (hamartomas in the iris) and neurofibromas (peripheral nerve sheath tumors). Less frequent manifestations, although more serious, include optic nerve gliomas, meningiomas, malignant neurofibromas, scoliosis and tibial dysplasia. The diagnosis is usually made at birth or during the first years of life, and approximately 50% of patients present cognitive difficulties. There is no conclusive data on mortality in patients with NF1, although it is known that life expectancy is lower than in general population. NF2 has a considerably lower prevalence than NF1, and its onset is later in life, mainly affecting young adults. Its typical clinical presentation is characterized by tinnitus, hearing loss and ataxia in the context in the presence of bilateral vestibular schwannomas. Less frequent findings include peripheral nerve schwannomas, meningiomas, ependymomas or astrocytomas. Life expectancy is about 36 years old, with a median survival from the moment of diagnosis of 15 years. (AU)

Neurofibromatosis tipo I. Presentación de un caso / Neurofibromatose tipo I. Apresentação de um caso / Neurofibromatosis type I. Case report

Se presentó un paciente masculino de 25 años de edad con tumoraciones subcutáneas en miembros, región dorsovertebral y dificultad en la marcha. Por este cuadro se ingresó en el Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto para estudio y tratamiento. Al realizar examen neurológico se constató presencia de marcha antiálgica, atrofia muscular supra e infraclavicular, espinosa, interósea, tenar e hipotenar bilateral, tumoraciones subcutáneas a nivel del cuello, extremidades y tronco, varias manchas color café con leche multiformes, así como disminución de fuerza muscular 4/5 próximo distal de extremidades. Los estudios radiológicos evidenciaron paquete tumoral en área paravertebral e inguinal, se realizó extracción y biopsia, informándose presencia de neurofibromas, diagnosticándose neurofibromatosis tipo I. Por ser una de las enfermedades hereditarias más frecuentes, pero menos estudiadas en nuestro medio se decidió la realización de este estudio(AU)

A 25-year-old male patient presented with subcutaneous tumors in the limbs, dorso-vertebral region and difficulty walking. For this picture, he was admitted to the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto for study and treatment. When the neurological examination was performed, there was presence of antalgic gait, supra and infraclavicular muscular atrophy, spinous, interosseous, tenar and bilateral hypothenar, subcutaneous tumors at the level of the neck, extremities and trunk, several coffee with milk spots, as well as a decrease of muscular strength 4/5 proximal distal of extremities. The radiological studies evidenced tumor bundle in the paravertebral and inguinal area, extraction and biopsy were performed, and neurofibromas were reported, diagnosing neurofibromatosis type I. Because it is one of the most frequent hereditary diseases, but less studied in our environment, it was decided to carry out this study(AU)

Paciente do sexo masculino, 25 anos, apresentava tumores subcutâneos nos membros, região dorso-vertebral e dificuldade para deambular. Para esta foto, ele foi internado no Hospital Geral de Ensino Dr Agostinho Neto para estudo e tratamento. Ao realizar presença exame neurológico da marcha antálgica, supra atrofia muscular e infraclaviculares, espinhosa, interósseo, tenar e hipotenar bilateral, tumores subcutâneos na região do pescoço, tronco e membros, vários pontos coloridos café com leite multiforme foi encontrado, bem como a diminuição de força muscular 4/5 proximal distal de extremidades. Estudos radiológicos mostraram tumores no pacote paravertebral e região da virilha, a remoção e a biópsia, informando a presença de neurofibromas, diagnosticándose neurofibromatosis tipo I. Tal comouma das doenças hereditárias mais comuns, mas pouco estudada no nosso hospital por este motivo decidiu-se realizar este estudo(AU)

Hallazgos clínicos y epidemiológicos en la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y el complejo esclerosis tuberosa en una serie de pacientes pediátricos / Clinical and epidemiological findings in neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex in a series of pediatric patients

Resumen: Introducción: La neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1) es una entidad genética con una incidencia de 1 entre 2,500 a 3,500 nacimientos. Por su parte, el complejo esclerosis tuberosa (CET) presenta una incidencia de 1 entre 6,000 a 10,000 nacimientos. Ambas entidades neurocutáneas cursan con un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, expresividad variable y la morbimortalidad se encuentra asociada a complicaciones multisistémicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue exponer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de una serie de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de NF1 y CET atendidos en la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes. Métodos: Este trabajo corresponde a una serie de casos de pacientes menores de 16 años atendidos en un período de 11 años, que cumplan con los criterios diagnósticos de NF1 y CET según los consensos para cada entidad. Resultados: Se estudiaron 89 pacientes, 73 con NF1 y 16 con CET. Presentaron dos criterios para NF1, 58 (79.45%) pacientes, y las máculas café con leche fueron las más frecuentes y presentes en todos los casos; 10 pacientes (62.50 %) presentaron dos criterios mayores para el CET, y las máculas hipocrómicas estuvieron igualmente presentes en todos los casos. Conclusiones: Este estudio muestra la forma de presentación clínica de las dos entidades neurocutáneas más frecuentes. Se discuten los criterios diagnósticos con el objeto de identificarlos a edades más tempranas y poder brindar una evaluación médica interdisciplinaria, tratamiento y un oportuno asesoramiento genético familiar.

Abstract: Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic entity with an incidence of 1 in 2,500 to 3,500 births. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) has an incidence between 1 in 6,000 to 10,000 births. Both neurocutaneous entities present an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, variable expressivity and their morbidity and mortality is associated with multisystemic complications. The aim of this study was to present the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a series of pediatric patients diagnosed with NF1 and TSC, who were treated in the Medical Genetics Unit of the Universidad of Los Andes. Methods: This work corresponds to a series of cases of patients under 16 years of age served in a period of 11 years, who met the diagnostic criteria of NF1 and CET according to the consensus for each entity. Results: We studied 89 patients, 73 with NF1 and 16 with TSC. 58 (79.45%) of the patients presented two criteria for NF1, with café-au-lait macules being the most frequent and present in all cases. 10 (62.50%) of the patients presented two major criteria for TSC; hypochromic macules were equally present in all cases. Conclusions: This study shows the clinical presentation of the two most frequent neurocutaneous entities. Diagnostic criteria are discussed in order to perform them at younger ages and to provide an interdisciplinary medical evaluation, treatment and timely family genetic counseling.

Melanocitoma del nervio óptico asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Reporte de caso / Melanocytoma of optic disk associated with type 1 neurofibromatosis. A case report

Objetivo: Exponer las principales características clínicas de un paciente con melanocitoma del nervio óptico, asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1 o enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen. Diseño del estudio: Reporte de caso. Método: Se revisó la historia clínica y los reportes de ayuda diagnósticas: Tomografía axial computarizada de orbitas simple y cerebral simple, ecografía ocular, campos visuales, Angiografía fluoresceínica, Tomografía óptica coherente de nervio óptico. Resultados: Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 78 años de edad, con neurofibromatosis tipo 1, quien manifiesta visión borrosa en ojo izquierdo. Se realiza diagnóstico de melanocitoma del nervio óptico, que se caracteriza por ser una lesión altamente pigmentada y de buen pronóstico, con posibilidad de trasformación maligna. Generalmente no asociado con anomalías sistémicas. En la literatura actual no existe reporte de casos en los que se relacione a neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Conclusión: Esta revisión se concentra en exponer las manifestaciones clínicas del melanocitoma del nervio óptico asociado a una enfermedad sistémica, a través de un caso clínico por primera vez reportado en Colombia así como a nivel mundial. La importancia de publicar este reporte es facilitar un diagnóstico precoz, basados en la carente evidencia que existe y así no sea una enfermedad subdiagnosticada.

Purpose: To present the main clinical characteristics of a patient with melanocytoma of the optic disk, associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 also known as Von Recklinghausen's Disease. Study design: Case report. Method: Medical history and diagnostic studies were evaluated: Orbit and cerebral Computed tomography, visual fields, Fluorescein angiography and optic nerve tomography. Results: We present the clinical case of a 78-year-old patient with neurofibromatosis type 1, who manifests blurred vision in the left eye. Diagnosis of melanocytoma of the optic disk is made, this is a highly pigmented lesion with a good prognosis, it has the possibility of malignant transformation. Generally, not associated with systemic abnormalities. In the current literature there is no report of cases in which it is related to neurofibromatosis type 1. Conclusion: This case reviewfocuses on exposing the clinical manifestations of optic nerve melanocytoma associated with a systemic disease, through a clinical case reported for the fi rst time in Colombia as well as worldwide. The importance of publishing this report is to facilitate an early diagnosis, based on the lack of evidence that exists and that is not an underdiagnosed disease.

Neurofibromatosis Type I Associated with Malaria: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease) is a genetic disorder which is now not been considered to be most common due to a gradual increase in its number of cases worldwide. Its prevalence found is around 1 in 4000-5000 individuals with the incidence been found equally in all regions and reported in almost all ethnic groups. Two-three million cases are reported all over world so far with this disorder. It is an autosomal dominant trait with varied age range of the cases reported from 6 years to late adulthood. Disease occurs by a genetic mutation in the neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) gene (tumor suppressor gene) which is located on chromosome no. 17 at 17q11.2, responsible for coding of neurofibromin, a cytoplasmic protein. The effect of this mutation is elicited in almost all systems of the body with mild to severe complications. About half of the cases reported are present with new mutations in the NF1 genes. A patient afflicted with NF1 has around 50-60% of chances of transmitting the disease to each of his/her offspring. Presenting here a case of the female patient diagnosed malaria associated with NF1.

Prevalência de um fenótipo inédito na Neurofibromatose do Tipo 1 - Dados preliminares / Prevalence of a new phenotype in neurofibromatosis type 1 - Preliminary data

O diagnóstico precoce da neurofibromatose do tipo 1 (NF1) é útil no manejo clínico das complicações da doença: dificuldade de aprendizado, tumores no sistema nervoso, displasias ósseas, distúrbios auditivos e neurofibromas. No entanto, ao nascimento, a maioria dos pacientes com novas mutações apresenta somente manchas café-com-leite (MCL), ou seja, apenas um dos sete critérios diagnósticos adotados em consenso internacional. Portanto, qualquer outro sinal congênito de NF1 poderia ajudar a esclarecer o diagnóstico de NF1 e, consequentemente, o cuidado precoce às crianças. No atendimento de cerca de 600 pacientes com NF1 tem-se observado com certa frequência determinado sinal no segundo dedo dos pés (SSDP), consistindo em discreta elevação do segundo dedo e acavalamento sobre o terceiro dedo. Verificando que esse fenótipo ainda não fora descrito em pessoas com ou sem NF1, decidiu-se estudar se o SSDP seria manifestação fenotípica exclusiva ou mais prevalentena população com NF1. O método utilizado foi o envio de questionário pelo correio para 445 pessoas com pelo menos três critérios diagnósticos para NF1 e por correio eletrônico para 86 autodeclaradas sem NF1. O questionário continha foto com o SSDP, desenho explicativo e envelope selado com endereço para retorno e a pergunta se os pés do entrevistado seriam parecidos com a foto e/ou o desenho. Foram recebidas 167 respostas (39,2%). Nos pacientes com NF1 a prevalência de SSDP foi de 11,9% (11,1% em homens e 12,9% em mulheres, p>0,05),mas nove respostas manifestavam dúvidas (2%). Foram recebidas 60 respostas por e-mail de pessoas autodeclaradas sem NF1, nas quais a prevalência de SSDP foi de 3,3% (apenas dois homens ? pai e filho). Usando-se o teste do qui-quadrado, a diferença de prevalências do SSDP entre pacientes com NF1 parece ser maior do que nos controles (p=0,0503). Após o estudo, as imagens obtidas dos pés dos dois homens sem NF1, mas com SSDP positivo, mostraram hálux valgus em ambos os pés do pai (o que seria a causa do desvio dos dedos) e alteração similar ao SSDP apenas no pé esquerdo do filho. Em conclusão, se o SSDP semostrar verdadeiro sinal da NF1 em estudos subsequentes, ele será útil por estar presente ao nascimento (previamente ao aparecimento das efélides, do glioma óptico, dos neurofibromas cutâneos e dos nódulos de Lisch) e com mais prevalência do que as displasias ósseas.

The early diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is useful in the clinical management of the disease complications: learning difficulties, tumors in the nervous system, bone dysplasia, hearing disorders, and neurofibromas. However, at birth, most patients with new mutations present only café au lait spots (CLS), i.e. only one of the seven diagnosis criteria adopted in the international consensus. Therefore, any other NF-1 congenital signal could help clarifying its diagnosis and consequentlythe children?s early care. Following the attendance of about 600 NF-1 patients, we have frequently seen a determined signal in the second toe (SST), which consists of a discrete elevation of the second toe andsuperposition on the third one. After verifying that this kind of phenotype has not yet been described in people with or without NF-1, we have decided to study whether the SST would be a phenotypic manifestation that is exclusive or more prevalent in NF-1 population. It was sent a questionnaire as the applied method: a) via mailing to 445 people with at least 3 diagnostic criteria for NF-1; b) by forwarding the same questionnaire through e-mail for 86 people who self-declared being without NF-1. This instrument had a picture of the SST, an explanatorydrawing, and a sealed envelope with the correspondence address and the question if the interviewed person?s feet were alike to the picture and/or drawing. A total of 167 replies (39.2%) were received. In NF-1 patients, the SST prevalence was of 11.9% (11.1% for men and 12.9% for women, p>0.05), but nine answers had doubts (2%). We received 60 replies via e-mail from individuals who self-declared being without NF-1,wherein the SST prevalence was of 3.3% (only two men, father and son). By applying the chi-square test, the SST prevalence difference among patients with NF-1 seems to be higher than in controls (p=0.0503). After the study, the images that were acquired from the feet of both men without NF-1, but with positive SST, showed bunion in both feet of the father (which would be the cause of toe deviation), and a similar change inSST only on the son?s left foot. In conclusion, if the SST proves to be a real NF-1 sign in subsequent studies, it will be useful for being present at birth (before appearance of ephelides, optic glioma, cutaneous neurofibromas, and Lisch nodules), and for having a higher prevalence than the bone dysplasias.

Caso 5 / Case 5

Paciente feminino, 29 anos de idade, natural de Monte Sião (MG), há cerca de 10 anos começou a apresentar nódulos de tamanhos variados, principalmente na região do tórax e abdome, que vêm aumentando em número. Nega dor e sinais de inflamação. Afirma que o pai possui lesões semelhantes e que ambos nunca procuraram atendimento médico para seu esclarecimento. Fotografia da região do abdome evidenciando lesões nodulares subcutâneas, endurecidas, de tamanhos variados e com manchas café-com-leite, a maior delas com aproximadamente 1,5 cm de diâmetro.

Rare association of Turner syndrome with neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex.

We report a rare association of Turner syndrome with both Neurofibromatosis type I and Tuberous Sclerosis. The patient had XOkaryotype with Turners stigmata and also had features of Neurofibromatosis 1 in the form of significant café-au-lait spots and Plexiform neurofibroma along with typical features of Tuberous Sclerosis complex. Pedigree analysis revealed that the elder brother of the proband in the family also suffered from Tuberous Sclerosis without the manifestation of Neurofibromatosis or any other genetic disorders. We hypothesize that these associations could be due to new independent mutations and also increased maternal and paternal age in a pre-disposition of Turner syndrome.

Neurofibromatose tipo 1: mais comum e grave do que se imagina / Neurofibromatosis type 1: more frequent and severe then usually thought

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência das características clínicas da neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1), avaliar sua gravidade e visibilidade e quantificar baixa estatura, macrocrania, força muscular e as alterações da motricidade oral e da voz nesta enfermidade. MÉTODOS: 183 pacientes atendidos no Centro de Referência em Neurofibromatose de Minas Gerais (CRNF-MG) foram avaliados quanto à frequência de manifestações clínicas e complicações da NF1. A gravidade e a visibilidade foram avaliadas com o uso de escalas de Riccardi e Ablon respectivamente. As alterações da motricidade oral e da voz foram verificadas com uso do software Vox-Metria, e a medida quantitativa da força muscular realizada com uso de dinamômetro. RESULTADOS: As manifestações clínicas habituais da NF1 observadas neste estudo são semelhantes às descritas na literatura. Entretanto, mais de 50 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram gravidade e visibilidade moderada e grave. A incidência de macrocrania e baixa estatura foi maior nos pacientes do CRNF-MG. As alterações da voz e da motricidade oral foram pela primeira vez quantificadas, com rouquidão e distúrbios da motricidade oral observados em mais de 60 por cento dos pacientes. A força muscular estava reduzida em 67 por cento dos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil clínico destes pacientes é semelhante aos relatos prévios da literatura. Mais da metade dos pacientes avaliados apresenta as formas moderada e grave da doença (gravidade e visibilidade), incluindo baixa estatura, macrocrania, distúrbios da voz e da motricidade oral e redução da força muscular. Os resultados desta pesquisa contrariam o conceito tradicional de que a NF1 é uma doença benigna e demonstram alguns aspectos clínicos, ainda não descritos na literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To study prevalence of clinical features among Brazilian patients diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1), comparing these features with international data to evaluate the severity and visibility of the disease and quantify less frequent manifestations such as short stature, macrocephaly, muscle strength, voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders. METHODS: 183 patients diagnosed with NF1, attended at the Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, were evaluated for clinical manifestations and complications of NF1. Severity and visibility were verified using the Riccardi and Ablon scales respectively. Voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders were quantified using the Vox-Metria software and maximal voluntary muscle strength (MVMS) was quantified using a handgrip dynamometer. RESULTS: Clinical manifestations of NF1 observed were comparable to those described in literature. However, more then 50 percent of patients presented severity and visibility classified as moderate and severe. The incidence of macrocephaly and short stature was higher among the Brazilian patients. Voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders were quantified for the first time, with hoarseness and oral motor disorders observed in more then 60 percent the patients. Maximal voluntary muscle strength was found to be reduced in 67 percent of patients. CONCLUSION: The main clinical features of these patients are similar to those reported in previous studies. More then one-half of the patients presented moderate and severe levels of NF1 (severity and visibility), including short stature, macrocephaly, voice abnormalities and oral motor disorders and decreased muscle strength. These results are in disagreement with the traditional concept that NF1 is a benign disease and also disclosed some clinical aspects not previously reported.

Prevalência de neurofibromas plexiformes em crianças e adolescentes com neurofibromatose tipo 1 / Prevalence of plexiform neurofibroma in children and adolescents with type i neurofibromatosis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de neurofibroma plexiforme em crianças e adolescentes com neurofibromatose tipo 1 e seu potencial de transformação maligna. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo realizado através da análise do banco de dados do Centro Nacional de Neurofibromatose, coletado nos seguintes serviços de referência entre 1996 e 2004: Instituto de Dermatologia Prof. Rubem David Azulay da Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pediatria e Puericultura Martagão Gesteira da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Departamento de Imunologia e Microbiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Teresópolis. RESULTADOS: Nesse período, foram atendidos 104 pacientes com idade de 1 a 17 anos e diagnóstico clínico de neurofibromatose tipo 1, sendo 53 do sexo masculino e 51 do sexo feminino. Destes, 28 pacientes (15 masculinos e 13 femininos) apresentaram neurofibroma plexiforme (26,9 por cento). Divididos por faixa etária, observou-se 21,42 por cento (seis) entre 1 e 5 anos; 35,71 por cento (10) entre 6 e 12 anos e 42,85 por cento (12) entre 13 e 17 anos. Dos 104 pacientes estudados, dois evoluíram para tumor maligno da bainha do nervo periférico (1,92 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Os neurofibromas plexiformes são manifestações relativamente comuns em pacientes com neurofibromatose tipo 1 e podem ser causa de aumento significativo da morbimortalidade entre os pacientes. Concluímos, em nosso estudo, que a freqüência de neurofibroma plexiforme e de seu potencial de malignização na população observada está em conformidade com dados da literatura internacional.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence of plexiform neurofibroma in children and adolescents with type I neurofibromatosis and its malignant potential. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted through analysis of the database at Centro Nacional de Neurofibromatose [Brazilian Neurofibromatosis Center], collected from the following reference services between 1996 and 2004: Instituto de Dermatologia Prof. Rubem David Azulay da Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pediatria e Puericultura Martagão Gesteira da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and Department of Immunology and Microbiology at Faculdade de Medicina de Teresópolis. RESULTS: Over that period, 104 patients aged between 1-17 years were admitted with clinical diagnosis of type I neurofibromatosis. Of these, 53 were male and 51 were female, and 28 patients (15 male and 13 female) had plexiform neurofibroma (26.9 percent). Division by age group resulted in 21.42 percent (six) between 1-5 years; 35.71 percent (10) between 6-12 years and 42.85 percent (12) between 13-17 years. Of the 104 patients, two developed a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (1.92 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Plexiform neurofibromas are relatively common manifestations in patients with type I neurofibromatosis and may be a cause of significant increase in morbidity and mortality among patients. In this study, we conclude that frequency of plexiform neurofibroma and its malignant potential in the population studied is in agreement with data from the international literature.

Neurofibromatosis tipo I diagnosticada en el embarazo / Diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type I in pregnancy

Se presenta un caso clínico de neurofibromatosis tipo I diagnosticada a las 28 semanas de embarazo con evolución materna y fetal satisfactoria.

Lupus eritematoso asociado a enferemdad de Von Recklinghausen

Se presenta un caso de asociación entre lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) y enferemdad de Von Recklinghausen. El LES es una enfermedad multifactorial y poligénica por lo cual plateamos la posibilidad de asociación con enfermedades que tengan alteraciones genéticas, inmunogenéticas e inmunodeficiencias que conduzcan a trastornos de la inmunoregulación en un huésped susceptible